【 tulaoshi.com - 编程语言 】
                             
                            1.在查询结果中显示列名:   a.用as关键字:select name as '姓名' from students order by age 
  b.直接表示:select name '姓名' from students order by age 
  2.精确查找: 
  a.用in限定范围:select * from students where native in ('湖南', '四川') 
  b.between...and:select * from students where age between 20 and 30 
  c.“=”:select * from students where name = '李山' 
  d.like:select * from students where name like '李%' (注意查询条件中有“%”,则说明是部分匹配,而且还有先后信息在里面,即查找以“李”开头的匹配项。所以若查询有“李”的所有对象,应该命令:'%李%';若是第二个字为李,则应为'_李%'或'_李'或'_李_'。) 
  e.[]匹配检查符:select * from courses where cno like '[AC]%' (表示或的关系,与"in(...)"类似,而且"[]"可以表示范围,如:select * from courses where cno like '[A-C]%') 
  3.对于时间类型变量的处理 
  a.smalldatetime:直接按照字符串处理的方式进行处理,例如: 
select * from students where birth  = '1980-1-1' and birth = '1980-12-31' 
  4.集函数 
  a.count()求和,如:select count(*) from students (求学生总人数) 
  b.avg(列)求平均,如:select avg(mark) from grades where cno='B2' 
  c.max(列)和min(列),求最大与最小 
  5.分组group 
  常用于统计时,如分组查总数: 
  select gender,count(sno) 
  from students 
  group by gender 
  (查看男女学生各有多少) 
  注意:从哪种角度分组就从哪列"group by" 
  对于多重分组,只需将分组规则罗列。比如查询各届各专业的男女同学人数,那么分组规则有:届别(grade)、专业(mno)和性别(gender),所以有"group by grade, mno, gender" 
  select grade, mno, gender, count(*) 
  from students 
  group by grade, mno, gender 
  通常group还和having联用,比如查询1门课以上不及格的学生,则按学号(sno)分类有: 
  select sno,count(*) from grades 
  where mark60 
  group by sno 
  having count(*)1 
  6.UNION联合 
  合并查询结果,如: 
  SELECT * FROM students 
  WHERE name like ‘张%' 
  UNION [ALL] 
  SELECT * FROM students 
  WHERE name like ‘李%' 
  7.多表查询 
  a.内连接 
  select g.sno,s.name,c.coursename 
  from grades g JOIN students s ON g.sno=s.sno 
  JOIN courses c ON g.cno=c.cno 
  (注意可以引用别名) 
  b.外连接 
  b1.左连接 
  select courses.cno,max(coursename),count(sno) 
  from courses LEFT JOIN grades ON courses.cno=grades.cno 
  group by courses.cno 
  左连接特点:显示全部左边表中的所有项目,即使其中有些项中的数据未填写完全。 
  左外连接返回那些存在于左表而右表中却没有的行,再加上内连接的行。 
  b2.右连接 
  与左连接类似 
  b3.全连接 
  select sno,name,major 
  from students FULL JOIN majors ON students.mno=majors.mno 
  两边表中的内容全部显示 
  c.自身连接 
  select c1.cno,c1.coursename,c1.pno,c2.coursename 
  from courses c1,courses c2 where c1.pno=c2.cno 
  采用别名解决问题。 
  d.交叉连接 
  select lastname+firstname from lastname CROSS JOIN firstanme 
  相当于做笛卡儿积 
8.嵌套查询 
  a.用关键字IN,如查询李山的同乡: 
  select * from students 
  where native in (select native from students where name=' 李山') 
  b.使用关键字EXIST,比如,下面两句是等价的: 
  select * from students 
  where sno in (select sno from grades where cno='B2') 
  select * from students where exists 
  (select * from grades where 
  grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2') 
  9.关于排序order 
  a.对于排序order,有两种方法:asc升序和desc降序 
  b.对于排序order,可以按照查询条件中的某项排列,而且这项可用数字表示,如: 
  select sno,count(*) ,avg(mark) from grades 
  group by sno 
  having avg(mark)85 
  order by 3 
  10.其他 
  a.对于有空格的识别名称,应该用"[]"括住。 
  b.对于某列中没有数据的特定查询可以用null判断,如select sno,courseno from grades where mark IS NULL 
  c.注意区分在嵌套查询中使用的any与all的区别,any相当于逻辑运算“||”而all则相当于逻辑运算“&&” 
  d.注意在做否定意义的查询是小心进入陷阱: 
  如,没有选修‘B2'课程的学生 : 
  select students.* 
  from students, grades 
  where students.sno=grades.sno 
  AND grades.cno  'B2' 
  上面的查询方式是错误的,正确方式见下方: 
  select * from students 
  where not exists (select * from grades 
  where grades.sno=students.sno AND cno='B2') 
  11.关于有难度多重嵌套查询的解决思想: 
  如,选修了全部课程的学生: 
  select * 
  from students 
  where not exists ( select * 
  from courses  
  where NOT EXISTS 
  (select * 
  from grades 
  where sno=students.sno 
  AND cno=courses.cno)) 
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