1. 异常/错误
  1.1 异常处理的基本结构
  异常处理的基本结构如下:
  
  try {
  
  someReallyExceptionalMethod();
  
  } catch (NullPointerException n) {  // a subclass of RuntimeException
  
  . . .
  
  } catch (RuntimeException r) {  // a subclass of Exception
  
  . . .
  
  } catch (IOException i) {   // a subclass of Exception
  
  . . .
  
  } catch (MyFirstException m) {  // our subclass of Exception
  
  . . .
  
  } catch (Exception e) { // a subclass of Throwable
  
  . . .
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